Exploring the Relationship between Life Satisfaction and Love-relationship Experiences under the Light of Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Conflict Resolution: The Consequences of their Interplays
Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports,
Page 77-96
DOI:
10.9734/ajarr/2022/v16i11440
Abstract
This research focuses on the associations between cognitive emotion regulation processes, conflict resolution strategies and life satisfaction of persons having different types of love and relationship experiences. Cognitive emotion regulation indicates cognitive reactions, related to the emotional involvement, of our brain to an event that attempts to influence the elicited emotions or that event itself. The study is a cross-sectional one with 310 Bangladeshi respondents in the age range 20-34. Several groups and sub-groups were formulated. For the overall sample, satisfaction with life had a statistically significant positive correlation with adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and conflict resolution styles, while it had a statistically significant negative correlation with less-adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies (p < 0.01). ANOVA and t-test analysis showed some crucial findings by comparing the primary groups and sub-groups of the study, regarding differences in life satisfaction and the differences in the uses of specific cognitive emotion regulation strategies for various love experiences. Standard regression analysis of data also revealed that the model explained a large portion of variance (50.40%) in life satisfaction (p < .001).
Keywords:
- Cognitive emotion regulation
- conflict resolution strategies
- life satisfaction
- relationship experiences
How to Cite
Ali, M. M., Tahsin, M. R., & Sompa, N. (2022). Exploring the Relationship between Life Satisfaction and Love-relationship Experiences under the Light of Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Conflict Resolution: The Consequences of their Interplays. Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports, 16(11), 77-96. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajarr/2022/v16i11440
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Shin DC, Johnson DM. Avowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life. Soc Ind Res. 1978;5(1-4):475-92.
Dattilio FM, Epstein NB. Introduction to special section: the role of cognitive-behavioral interventions in couple and family therapy. J Marital Fam Ther. 2005;31(1):7-13.
Aldao A, Nolen-Hoeksema S. Specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: A transdiagnostic examination. Journal of Behavioral Research and Therapy. 2010;48(10):974-83.
Thompson RA. Emotional regulation and emotional development. Educ Psychol Rev [review]. 1991;3(4):269-307.
Garnefski N, Kraaij V, Sinoven P. Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and depression. Pers Individ Dif. 2001;30:1311-27.
Monat A, Lazarus RS. Stress and coping: an anthology. New York: Columbia University Press; 1991.
Bouchard G, Guillemette A, Landry-Léger N. Situational and dispositional coping: an examination of their relation to personality, cognitive appraisals, and psychological distress. Eur J Pers. 2004; 18(3):221-38.
Thoits PA. Stress, coping and social support processes: where are we? What next? (extra issue). J Health Behav. 1995:53-79.
Campbell-Sills L, Barlow DH. Incorporating emotion regulation into conceptualizations and treatments of anxiety and mood disorders. In: Gross JJ, editor, Handbook of emotion regulation. New York: Guilford Press. 2007;542-59.
Gross JJ, John OP. Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implication for affect, relationship, and well–being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;85(2):348-62.
Gross JJ, Muñoz RF. Emotion regulation and mental health. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 1995;2(2):151-64.
Garnefski N, Kraaij V. Specificity of relations between adolescents’ cognitive emotion regulation strategies and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Cogn Emot. 2018;32(7):1401-8.
Garnefski N, Rieffe CJ, Jellesma F, Terwogt MM, Kraaij V. Cognitive behaviour regulation strategies and emotional problems in early adolescents: the development of an instrument. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;16(1):1-9.
Kraaij V, Garnefski N, de Wilde EJ, Dijkstra A, Gebhardt W, Maes S et al. Negative life events and depressive symptoms in late adolescence: bonding and cognitive coping as vulnerability factors? J Youth Adolesc. 2003 Jun;32(3):185-93.
Anderson CA, Miller RS, Riger AL, Dill JC, Sedikides C. Behavioral and characterological attributional styles as predictors of depression and loneliness: review, refinement, and test [review]. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994;66(3):549-58.
Tennen H, Affleck G. Blaming others for threatening events. Psychol Bull. 1990;108(2):209-32.
Carver CS, Scheier MF, Weintraub JK. Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1989;56(2):267-83.
Nolen-Hoeksema S, Parker LE, Larson J. Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994;67(1):92-104.
Sullivan MJL, Bishop SR, Pivik J. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: development and validation. J Psychol Assessment. 1995;7(4):524-32.
Zlomke KR, Hahn KS. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies: gender differences and associations to worry. Pers Individ Dif. 2010;48(4):408-13.
Cramer D. Relationship satisfaction and conflict over major and minor issues in romantic relationship. J Psychol. 2002; 136(1):75-81.
Fincham FD, Beach SRH, Davila J. Forgiveness and conflict resolution in marriage. J Fam Psychol. 2004;18(1): 72-81.
Montes C, Rodríguez D, Serrano G. Affective choice of conflict management styles. Int J Confl Manag. 2012;23(1):6-18.
Sharif F, Soleimani S, Mani A, Keshavarzi S. The effect of conflict resolution training on marital satisfaction in Couples Referring to Counseling Centers in Shiraz, Southern Iran. IJCBNM. 2013;1(1):26-34.
Frost JH. The influence of female and male communication styles on conflict strategies: problem areas. Commun Res Broadcast. 1980;3:126-36.
Gottman J, Markman H, Notarius C. The topography of marital conflict: A sequential analysis of verbal and nonverbal behaviour. J Marriage Fam. 1977;9: 461-77.
Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev [review]. 1977;84(2):191-215.
Deutsch M. A theory of cooperation and competition. Hum Relat. 1949;2(2):129-52.
Tangney JP, Baumeister RF, Boone AL. High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. J Pers. 2004;72(2):271-324.
Lee JA. Colours of love: an exploration of the ways of loving. Toronto: New Press; 1973.
Waite LJ, Lehrer EL. The benefits of marriage and religion in the United States: A comparative analysis. Popul Dev Rev. 2003;29(2):255-76.
Aron A, Aron E. Love and the expansion of self: understanding attraction and satisfaction. New York: Hemisphere; 1986.
Sprecher S, Felmlee D, Metts S, Fehr B, Vanni D. Factors associated with distress following the breakup of a close relationship. J Soc Personal Relat. 1998;15(6):791-809.
Slotter EB, Gardner WL, Finkel EJ. Who am I without you? The influence of romantic breakup on the self-concept. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2010;36(2):147-60.
Teachman J. Complex life course patterns and the risk of divorce second marriage. J Marriage Fam. 2008;70(2): 294-305.
Gigy L, Kelly JB. Reasons for divorce: perspectives of divorcing men and women. J Divorce Remarriage. 1993;18(1-2):169-88.
Nawshin N. Understanding the rise in divorce in Bangladesh. Available Online Here; 2018.
Spanier GB, Furstenberg Jr FF. Remarriage after divorce: A longitudinal analysis of well-being. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1982;44(3):709-20.
Martin TC, Bumpass LL. Recent trends in marital disruption. Demography. 1989;26(1):37-51.
Maslow AH. A theory of human motivation. J Psychol [review]. 1943;50(4):370-96.
Garnefski N, Kraaij V, Sinoven P 2002. Manual for the use of cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. Leiderdrop. The Netherlands: DATEC.
Karim AKMR, Sharafat T, Mahmud AY. Cognitive emotion regulation in children is attributable to parenting style, not to family type and Child’s gender; 2013.
Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The satisfaction with life scale. J Pers Assess. 1985;49(1):71-5.
Ilyas QSM. Adapted. Bangla version of satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) [unpublished manuscript]. Department of Psychology, University of Dhaka; 2002.
Phillips J, Springer F. Extended national youth sports program 1991-1992 evaluation highlights, part two: Individual Protective Factors Index (IPFI) and risk assessment study.
Sharmin M, Karim AKMR 2012. Bangla translation of the Conflict Resolution Skills Scale. Dhaka university journal of psychology.
Senkans S, McEwan TE, Skues J, Ogloff JRP. Development of a relational rumination questionnaire. Pers Individ Dif. 2016;90:27-35.
Vingerhoets AJ, Van Heck GL. Gender, coping and psychosomatic symptoms. Psychol Med. 1990;20(1):125-35.
Esmaeilinasab M, Khoshk AA, Makhmali A. Emotion regulation and life satisfaction In university students: gender differences. Eur Proc Soc Behav Sci. 2016;82:798-809.
Orth U, Robins RW, Meier LL. Disentangling the effects of low self-esteem and stressful events on depression: findings from longitudinal studies. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2009;97(2):307-21.
Field T, Diego M, Pelaez M, Deeds O, Delgado J. Break up distress in University students: a review. Coll Stud J. 2011;45(3):461-80.
Wade TJ, Pevalin DJ. Marital transition and mental health. J Health Soc Behav. 2004;45(2):155-70.
Min J, Yu JJ, Lee C, Chae J. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies contribute to resilience in patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54(8):1190-7.
Eysenck HJ. Personality, marital satisfaction, and divorce. Psychol Rep. 1980;47(3_suppl):1235-8.
Peterson C, Schwartz SM, Seligman ME. Self-blame and depressive symptoms. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1981;41(2):253-9.
Zuk GH. On the pathology of blaming. Int J Fam Ther. 1984;6(3):143-55.
Bourassa KJ, Sbarra DA, Whisman MA. Women in low-quality marriages gain life satisfaction following divorce. J Fam Psychol. 2015;29(3):490-9.
Turk DC, Rudy TE. Cognitive factors and persistent pain: A glimpse into Pandora’s box. Cognit Ther Res. 1992;16(2):99-122.
Hanley AW, Garland EL. Dispositional mindfulness co-varies with self-reported positive reappraisal. Pers Individ Dif. 2014;66:146-52.
Martin RC, Dahlen ER. Cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of depression, anxiety, stress and anger. Pers Individ Dif. 2005;39(7):1249-60.
Lei H, Zhang X, Cai L, Wang Y, Bai M, Zhu X. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies in outpatients with major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2014;218(1-2):87-92.
Deutsch M. An experimental study of the effects of cooperation and competition upon group processes. Hum Relat. 1949;2(3):199-231.
Folkman S, Moskowitz JT. Coping: pitfall and promise. Annu Rev Psychol. 2004;55: 745-74.
World Academy of Sciences. Engineering and technology, open science Index 74. Int J Psychol Behav Sci;7(2):498-505.
Report prepared for the National Collegiate Athletic Association, -. Sacramento, CA: EMT associates; 1992.
Available:http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/YV_Compendium.pdf
Hirdes JP, Forbes WF. Factors associated with the maintenance of good self-ratedhealth. J Aging Health. 1993;5(1):101-22.
Pavot W, Diener E. The Satisfaction with Life Scale and the emerging construct of life satisfaction. J Posit Psychol. 2008;3(2):137-52.
Shin DC, Johnson DM. Avowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life. Soc Ind Res. 1978;5(1-4):475-92.
Dattilio FM, Epstein NB. Introduction to special section: the role of cognitive-behavioral interventions in couple and family therapy. J Marital Fam Ther. 2005;31(1):7-13.
Aldao A, Nolen-Hoeksema S. Specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: A transdiagnostic examination. Journal of Behavioral Research and Therapy. 2010;48(10):974-83.
Thompson RA. Emotional regulation and emotional development. Educ Psychol Rev [review]. 1991;3(4):269-307.
Garnefski N, Kraaij V, Sinoven P. Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and depression. Pers Individ Dif. 2001;30:1311-27.
Monat A, Lazarus RS. Stress and coping: an anthology. New York: Columbia University Press; 1991.
Bouchard G, Guillemette A, Landry-Léger N. Situational and dispositional coping: an examination of their relation to personality, cognitive appraisals, and psychological distress. Eur J Pers. 2004; 18(3):221-38.
Thoits PA. Stress, coping and social support processes: where are we? What next? (extra issue). J Health Behav. 1995:53-79.
Campbell-Sills L, Barlow DH. Incorporating emotion regulation into conceptualizations and treatments of anxiety and mood disorders. In: Gross JJ, editor, Handbook of emotion regulation. New York: Guilford Press. 2007;542-59.
Gross JJ, John OP. Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implication for affect, relationship, and well–being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;85(2):348-62.
Gross JJ, Muñoz RF. Emotion regulation and mental health. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 1995;2(2):151-64.
Garnefski N, Kraaij V. Specificity of relations between adolescents’ cognitive emotion regulation strategies and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Cogn Emot. 2018;32(7):1401-8.
Garnefski N, Rieffe CJ, Jellesma F, Terwogt MM, Kraaij V. Cognitive behaviour regulation strategies and emotional problems in early adolescents: the development of an instrument. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;16(1):1-9.
Kraaij V, Garnefski N, de Wilde EJ, Dijkstra A, Gebhardt W, Maes S et al. Negative life events and depressive symptoms in late adolescence: bonding and cognitive coping as vulnerability factors? J Youth Adolesc. 2003 Jun;32(3):185-93.
Anderson CA, Miller RS, Riger AL, Dill JC, Sedikides C. Behavioral and characterological attributional styles as predictors of depression and loneliness: review, refinement, and test [review]. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994;66(3):549-58.
Tennen H, Affleck G. Blaming others for threatening events. Psychol Bull. 1990;108(2):209-32.
Carver CS, Scheier MF, Weintraub JK. Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1989;56(2):267-83.
Nolen-Hoeksema S, Parker LE, Larson J. Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994;67(1):92-104.
Sullivan MJL, Bishop SR, Pivik J. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale: development and validation. J Psychol Assessment. 1995;7(4):524-32.
Zlomke KR, Hahn KS. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies: gender differences and associations to worry. Pers Individ Dif. 2010;48(4):408-13.
Cramer D. Relationship satisfaction and conflict over major and minor issues in romantic relationship. J Psychol. 2002; 136(1):75-81.
Fincham FD, Beach SRH, Davila J. Forgiveness and conflict resolution in marriage. J Fam Psychol. 2004;18(1): 72-81.
Montes C, Rodríguez D, Serrano G. Affective choice of conflict management styles. Int J Confl Manag. 2012;23(1):6-18.
Sharif F, Soleimani S, Mani A, Keshavarzi S. The effect of conflict resolution training on marital satisfaction in Couples Referring to Counseling Centers in Shiraz, Southern Iran. IJCBNM. 2013;1(1):26-34.
Frost JH. The influence of female and male communication styles on conflict strategies: problem areas. Commun Res Broadcast. 1980;3:126-36.
Gottman J, Markman H, Notarius C. The topography of marital conflict: A sequential analysis of verbal and nonverbal behaviour. J Marriage Fam. 1977;9: 461-77.
Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychol Rev [review]. 1977;84(2):191-215.
Deutsch M. A theory of cooperation and competition. Hum Relat. 1949;2(2):129-52.
Tangney JP, Baumeister RF, Boone AL. High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. J Pers. 2004;72(2):271-324.
Lee JA. Colours of love: an exploration of the ways of loving. Toronto: New Press; 1973.
Waite LJ, Lehrer EL. The benefits of marriage and religion in the United States: A comparative analysis. Popul Dev Rev. 2003;29(2):255-76.
Aron A, Aron E. Love and the expansion of self: understanding attraction and satisfaction. New York: Hemisphere; 1986.
Sprecher S, Felmlee D, Metts S, Fehr B, Vanni D. Factors associated with distress following the breakup of a close relationship. J Soc Personal Relat. 1998;15(6):791-809.
Slotter EB, Gardner WL, Finkel EJ. Who am I without you? The influence of romantic breakup on the self-concept. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2010;36(2):147-60.
Teachman J. Complex life course patterns and the risk of divorce second marriage. J Marriage Fam. 2008;70(2): 294-305.
Gigy L, Kelly JB. Reasons for divorce: perspectives of divorcing men and women. J Divorce Remarriage. 1993;18(1-2):169-88.
Nawshin N. Understanding the rise in divorce in Bangladesh. Available Online Here; 2018.
Spanier GB, Furstenberg Jr FF. Remarriage after divorce: A longitudinal analysis of well-being. Journal of Marriage and the Family. 1982;44(3):709-20.
Martin TC, Bumpass LL. Recent trends in marital disruption. Demography. 1989;26(1):37-51.
Maslow AH. A theory of human motivation. J Psychol [review]. 1943;50(4):370-96.
Garnefski N, Kraaij V, Sinoven P 2002. Manual for the use of cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire. Leiderdrop. The Netherlands: DATEC.
Karim AKMR, Sharafat T, Mahmud AY. Cognitive emotion regulation in children is attributable to parenting style, not to family type and Child’s gender; 2013.
Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The satisfaction with life scale. J Pers Assess. 1985;49(1):71-5.
Ilyas QSM. Adapted. Bangla version of satisfaction with life scale (SWLS) [unpublished manuscript]. Department of Psychology, University of Dhaka; 2002.
Phillips J, Springer F. Extended national youth sports program 1991-1992 evaluation highlights, part two: Individual Protective Factors Index (IPFI) and risk assessment study.
Sharmin M, Karim AKMR 2012. Bangla translation of the Conflict Resolution Skills Scale. Dhaka university journal of psychology.
Senkans S, McEwan TE, Skues J, Ogloff JRP. Development of a relational rumination questionnaire. Pers Individ Dif. 2016;90:27-35.
Vingerhoets AJ, Van Heck GL. Gender, coping and psychosomatic symptoms. Psychol Med. 1990;20(1):125-35.
Esmaeilinasab M, Khoshk AA, Makhmali A. Emotion regulation and life satisfaction In university students: gender differences. Eur Proc Soc Behav Sci. 2016;82:798-809.
Orth U, Robins RW, Meier LL. Disentangling the effects of low self-esteem and stressful events on depression: findings from longitudinal studies. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2009;97(2):307-21.
Field T, Diego M, Pelaez M, Deeds O, Delgado J. Break up distress in University students: a review. Coll Stud J. 2011;45(3):461-80.
Wade TJ, Pevalin DJ. Marital transition and mental health. J Health Soc Behav. 2004;45(2):155-70.
Min J, Yu JJ, Lee C, Chae J. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies contribute to resilience in patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders. Compr Psychiatry. 2013;54(8):1190-7.
Eysenck HJ. Personality, marital satisfaction, and divorce. Psychol Rep. 1980;47(3_suppl):1235-8.
Peterson C, Schwartz SM, Seligman ME. Self-blame and depressive symptoms. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1981;41(2):253-9.
Zuk GH. On the pathology of blaming. Int J Fam Ther. 1984;6(3):143-55.
Bourassa KJ, Sbarra DA, Whisman MA. Women in low-quality marriages gain life satisfaction following divorce. J Fam Psychol. 2015;29(3):490-9.
Turk DC, Rudy TE. Cognitive factors and persistent pain: A glimpse into Pandora’s box. Cognit Ther Res. 1992;16(2):99-122.
Hanley AW, Garland EL. Dispositional mindfulness co-varies with self-reported positive reappraisal. Pers Individ Dif. 2014;66:146-52.
Martin RC, Dahlen ER. Cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of depression, anxiety, stress and anger. Pers Individ Dif. 2005;39(7):1249-60.
Lei H, Zhang X, Cai L, Wang Y, Bai M, Zhu X. Cognitive emotion regulation strategies in outpatients with major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2014;218(1-2):87-92.
Deutsch M. An experimental study of the effects of cooperation and competition upon group processes. Hum Relat. 1949;2(3):199-231.
Folkman S, Moskowitz JT. Coping: pitfall and promise. Annu Rev Psychol. 2004;55: 745-74.
World Academy of Sciences. Engineering and technology, open science Index 74. Int J Psychol Behav Sci;7(2):498-505.
Report prepared for the National Collegiate Athletic Association, -. Sacramento, CA: EMT associates; 1992.
Available:http://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/YV_Compendium.pdf
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