Appraisal of Practice and Some Socio-Economic Factors on the Utilization of Family Planning Methods in Nigeria
Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports,
Page 17-32
DOI:
10.9734/ajarr/2022/v16i530472
Abstract
Background: Family planning has the potential to minimize maternal mortality by lowering the number of unplanned pregnancies, and abortions. This study assesses the practice across different zones in Nigeria.
Aim: With a view to identify deterrence factors, the research is aimed at appraising the practice in some selected localities in the country
Method: A structured questionnaire was designed and used to collect relevant information from respondents in a state from each of the six geo-political zones in Nigeria. Hierarchical sampling technique is used to select a locality in each of the six geopolitical zones in the states that were studied. Logistic regression is used to assess effect of bivariate response variables on the covariates.
Results: More than 90% of respondents are aware of different family planning methods but only 26.2% have utilized contraception. Personal opposition was found to be the most frequent reason for non-utilization of family planning in the six geo-political zones. The oddsof utilization is highest in the North-Central and least in the South-East. North-Central is more than four times more likely to utilize contraceptives when compared with those from the South-West. Wealthy people who mostly reside in urban centers are also found to be more knowledgeable and utilize contraception more. As educational attainment increases, both utilization of contraception and knowledge of family planning methods also increase.
Keywords:
- Family planning
- contraceptives
- utilization
- practice
- knowledge
- factors
How to Cite
Ademuyiwa, J. A., & Adetunji, A. A. (2022). Appraisal of Practice and Some Socio-Economic Factors on the Utilization of Family Planning Methods in Nigeria. Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports, 16(5), 17-32. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajarr/2022/v16i530472
References
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Doctor HV, Findley SE, Afenyadu GW, Uzondu C, Ashir GM. Awareness, Use, and Unmet Need for Family Planning in Rural Northern Nigeria, African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2013;17(4):108.
WHO. Family planning/Contraception; 2015.
United Nations-UN. Population and development. Program of action adopted at the International Conference on population and development, International Population Conference Fund. Cairo. 1994;1-100.
World Health Organization-WHO. Chapter 8. Men’s Responsibility in Communication Family Planning in Reproductive Health; 1995.
Singh S, Darroch JE. Adding It Up: Costs and Benefits of Contraceptive Services: Estimates for 2012. New York: Guttmacher Institute; 2012.
Nigeria Family Planning Blueprint (NFPB: Scale-Up Plan); 2014.
Bernstein S, Edouard L. Targeting Access to Reproductive Health: Giving Contraception More Prominence and Using Indicators to Monitor Progress.” Reproductive Health Matters. 2007;15(29): 186–191.
Kantorová V, Wheldon MC, Ueffing P, Dasgupta ANZ. Estimating progress towards meeting women’s contraceptive needs in 185 countries: A Bayesian hierarchical modelling study. PLoS Med. 2020;17(2):e1003026.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Family Planning and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York: United Nations.
Available:https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/family/familyPlanning_DataBooklet_2019.pd
WHO. Family Planning/Contraception Methods November, 2020.
Available:https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/family-planning-contraception
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National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF International. 2014 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2013. Abuja, Nigeria, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: NPC and ICF International; 2013.
Babatunde JO, Osakinle EO, Olusola JO. The Knowledge of Married Men and Women about Family Planning Practices in Ekiti State, Nigeria, International Journal of Scientific Research in Education. 2018;11 (5):870-878.
Edwards S. The role of men in contraceptive decision–making: current knowledge and future implications. Family Planning Perspective. 1994;26:77-82
Kubba A, Guilleband J, Gregor AA. Contraception. The Lancet. 2000;356(9245):1913-1918
Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Federal Office of Statistics. Lagos: IRD/Maew. International Incorporation; 1990.
Emuveyan EE, Dixon RA. Family planning clinics in Lagos, Nigeria. Clients, methods accepted and continuity rate. Nigerian Medical Journal. 1995;28:19–23.
Ruterberg N, Ayad M, Ochoa LH, Wilkinsm M. Knowledge and use of contraception. Comparative studies No. 6 (July). Columbia, MD: Institute for Resource Development. 1991;67.
Addai I. Ethnicity and contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Ghana. Journal of Biosocial Science. 1999;31:105-120.
Ahmed S. Muslim Women Attitude towards Family Planning. India, New Delhi: Publisher Sarup and Sons. 2003;8;122-125.
Duze MC, Mohammed IZ. Male knowledge, attitudes, and family planning practices in Northern Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2006; 10(3):53-65.
Ashimi AO, Amole TG, Ugwa EA, Ohonsi AO. Awareness, Practice, and Predictors of Family Planning by Pregnant Women Attending a Tertiary Hospital in a Semi-rural Community of North-West Nigeria. Journal of Basic and Clinical Reproductive Sciences. 2016;5(1):1-11.
National Population Commission [Nigeria] and ICF Macro. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008 Preliminary Report. Abuja, Nigeria and Calverton, Maryland: National Population Commission and ICF Macro; 2009
Semachew Kasa A, Tarekegn M, Embiale N. Knowledge, attitude and practice towards family planning among reproductive age women in a resource limited settings of Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11:577.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3689-7
Adetunji AA, Ademuyiwa JA, Alo NG. Insecticide Treated Net usage among under-five Children in South-West Nigeria, Journal of Mathematical Theory and Modelling. 2020;10(6):10-18.
DOI: 10.7176/MTM/10-06-02
Zegeye B, Ahinkorah BO, Idriss-Wheeler D, Olorunsaiye CZ, Adjei NK, Yaya S. Modern contraceptive utilization and its associated factors among married women in Senegal: a multilevel analysis. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:231.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10252-7
Barrow A. A Survey on Prevalence and Knowledge of Family Planning among Women of Childbearing Age in the Provincial Settings of the Gambia: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study", Advances in Preventive Medicine. 2020;1-12.
Article ID 8862290,
Available:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8862290
Oumer M, Manaye A, Mengistu Z.. Modern Contraceptive Method Utilization and Associated Factors Among Women of Reproductive Age in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia. Open Access J Contracept.b 2020;11:53-67.
Available:https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJC.S252970
Sedgh G, Ashford LS, Hussain R. Unmet Need for Contraception in Developing Countries: Examining Women’s Reasons for Not Using a Method, New York: Guttmacher Institute; 2016,
Available:http://www.guttmacher.org/report/unmet-need-for-contraception-in-developing-countries
Wainer J. Why women don't use contraception. Family planning information service. 1981;1(6):50–58.
Moreira LR, Ewerling F, Barros AJD, et al. Reasons for nonuse of contraceptive methods by women with demand for contraception not satisfied: an assessment of low and middle-income countries using demographic and health surveys. Reprod Health. 2019;16:148.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-019-0805-7
Gebre MN, Edossa ZK. Modern contraceptive utilization and associated factors among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia: evidence from 2016 Ethiopia demographic and health survey. BMC Women's Health. 2020;20:61.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-00923-9
Haq I, Sakib S, Talukder A.. Sociodemographic Factors on Contraceptive Use among Ever-Married Women of Reproductive Age: Evidence from Three Demographic and Health Surveys in Bangladesh. Med. Sci. 2017;5:31.
Available:https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci5040031
Li Z, Patton G, Sabet F, Zhou Z, Subramanian SV, Lu C. Contraceptive Use in Adolescent Girls and Adult Women in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(2):e1921437.
DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.21437
Adebowale AS, Fagbamigbe AF, Bamgboye EA. Contraceptive use: implication for completed fertility, parity progression and maternal nutritional status in Nigeria. Afr J Reprod Health. 2011;15(4):60-2011
Adebowale SA, Adedini SA, Ibisomi LD, Palamuleni ME. Differential effect of wealth quintile on modern contraceptive use and fertility: evidence from Malawian women. BMC Women's Health. 2014;14:40.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-14-40
Stephenson R, Baschieri A, Clements S, Hennink M, Madise N. Contextual influences on modern contraceptive use in Sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(7):1233-1240.
DOI:10.2105/AJPH.2005.071522.
Salami IC, ladosu M. Socio-Demographic Factors, Contraceptive Use and Fertility Preference among Married Women in South-South Region of Nigeria, 3rd International Conference on African Development Issues (CU-ICADI 2016); 2016. ISSN: 2449-075X. 504-510
Aviisah PA, Dery S, Atsu BK, Yawson A, Alotaibi RM, Rezk HR, Guure C. Modern contraceptive use among women of reproductive age in Ghana: analysis of the 2003–2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys. BMC Women's Health. 2018;18:141. Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0634-9
Pinter B, Hakim M, Seidman DS, Kubba A, Kishen M, Di Carlo C. Religion and family planning. The European journal of contraception & reproductive health care: the official journal of the European Society of Contraception. 2016;21(6):486–495. Available:https://doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2016.1237631
Schenker JG, Rabenou V. Family planning: cultural and religious perspectives. Human reproduction (Oxford, England). 1993;8(6):969–976. Available:https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138176
Sundararajan R, Yoder LM, Kihunrwa A, et al. How gender and religion impact uptake of family planning: results from a qualitative study in Northwestern Tanzania. BMC Women's Health. 2019;19, 99.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0802-6
Srikanthan A, Reid RL. Religious and Cultural Influences on Contraception. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2008;30(2):129–137
Barrett JB, Da Vanzo J, Ellison CG, Grammich C. Religion and Attitudes towards Family Planning Issues among US Adults. Review of Religious Research. 2014;56(2):161–188.
Available:http://www.jstor.org/stable/43186268
Amir E. The Impact of Family Planning on Women’s Educational Advancement in Tehran, Iran. International Center for Research on Women Fertility & Empowerment Working Paper Series. 2012;008-2012-ICRW-FE. Pages 1-27.
Longwe A, Smits J. The Impact of Family Planning on Primary School Enrolment in Sub-national Areas within 25 African Countries. African Journal of Reproductive Health / La Revue Africaine de La Santé Reproductive. 2013;17(2): 23–38. Available:http://www.jstor.org/stable/23485918
Morris M, Weinstock E. Differential Effects of Education on Family Planning. The Family Coordinator. 1969;18(2):161–165.
Available:https://doi.org/10.2307/582233
Vijayasree L. A study on the influence of education and occupation on family planning practices in rural Shamirpet, R.R. District, T.S. India. International Journal of Bioassays. 2017;6(11):5525.
DOI:10.21746/ijbio.2017.6.11.1
Liu DH, Rafter AE. How Do Education and Family Planning Accelerate Fertility Decline? Population and Development Review.2020;46(3):409-441. Available:https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12347
Nigeria FP2020 Core Indicator Summary Sheet: 2019-2020 Annual Progress Report.
Doctor HV, Findley SE, Afenyadu GW, Uzondu C, Ashir GM. Awareness, Use, and Unmet Need for Family Planning in Rural Northern Nigeria, African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2013;17(4):108.
WHO. Family planning/Contraception; 2015.
United Nations-UN. Population and development. Program of action adopted at the International Conference on population and development, International Population Conference Fund. Cairo. 1994;1-100.
World Health Organization-WHO. Chapter 8. Men’s Responsibility in Communication Family Planning in Reproductive Health; 1995.
Singh S, Darroch JE. Adding It Up: Costs and Benefits of Contraceptive Services: Estimates for 2012. New York: Guttmacher Institute; 2012.
Nigeria Family Planning Blueprint (NFPB: Scale-Up Plan); 2014.
Bernstein S, Edouard L. Targeting Access to Reproductive Health: Giving Contraception More Prominence and Using Indicators to Monitor Progress.” Reproductive Health Matters. 2007;15(29): 186–191.
Kantorová V, Wheldon MC, Ueffing P, Dasgupta ANZ. Estimating progress towards meeting women’s contraceptive needs in 185 countries: A Bayesian hierarchical modelling study. PLoS Med. 2020;17(2):e1003026.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Family Planning and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. New York: United Nations.
Available:https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/family/familyPlanning_DataBooklet_2019.pd
WHO. Family Planning/Contraception Methods November, 2020.
Available:https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/family-planning-contraception
National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2018. Abuja, Nigeria, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: NPC and ICF; 2019.
National Population Commission (NPC) [Nigeria] and ICF International. 2014 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2013. Abuja, Nigeria, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: NPC and ICF International; 2013.
Babatunde JO, Osakinle EO, Olusola JO. The Knowledge of Married Men and Women about Family Planning Practices in Ekiti State, Nigeria, International Journal of Scientific Research in Education. 2018;11 (5):870-878.
Edwards S. The role of men in contraceptive decision–making: current knowledge and future implications. Family Planning Perspective. 1994;26:77-82
Kubba A, Guilleband J, Gregor AA. Contraception. The Lancet. 2000;356(9245):1913-1918
Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Federal Office of Statistics. Lagos: IRD/Maew. International Incorporation; 1990.
Emuveyan EE, Dixon RA. Family planning clinics in Lagos, Nigeria. Clients, methods accepted and continuity rate. Nigerian Medical Journal. 1995;28:19–23.
Ruterberg N, Ayad M, Ochoa LH, Wilkinsm M. Knowledge and use of contraception. Comparative studies No. 6 (July). Columbia, MD: Institute for Resource Development. 1991;67.
Addai I. Ethnicity and contraceptive use in sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Ghana. Journal of Biosocial Science. 1999;31:105-120.
Ahmed S. Muslim Women Attitude towards Family Planning. India, New Delhi: Publisher Sarup and Sons. 2003;8;122-125.
Duze MC, Mohammed IZ. Male knowledge, attitudes, and family planning practices in Northern Nigeria. African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2006; 10(3):53-65.
Ashimi AO, Amole TG, Ugwa EA, Ohonsi AO. Awareness, Practice, and Predictors of Family Planning by Pregnant Women Attending a Tertiary Hospital in a Semi-rural Community of North-West Nigeria. Journal of Basic and Clinical Reproductive Sciences. 2016;5(1):1-11.
National Population Commission [Nigeria] and ICF Macro. Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008 Preliminary Report. Abuja, Nigeria and Calverton, Maryland: National Population Commission and ICF Macro; 2009
Semachew Kasa A, Tarekegn M, Embiale N. Knowledge, attitude and practice towards family planning among reproductive age women in a resource limited settings of Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11:577.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3689-7
Adetunji AA, Ademuyiwa JA, Alo NG. Insecticide Treated Net usage among under-five Children in South-West Nigeria, Journal of Mathematical Theory and Modelling. 2020;10(6):10-18.
DOI: 10.7176/MTM/10-06-02
Zegeye B, Ahinkorah BO, Idriss-Wheeler D, Olorunsaiye CZ, Adjei NK, Yaya S. Modern contraceptive utilization and its associated factors among married women in Senegal: a multilevel analysis. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:231.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10252-7
Barrow A. A Survey on Prevalence and Knowledge of Family Planning among Women of Childbearing Age in the Provincial Settings of the Gambia: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study", Advances in Preventive Medicine. 2020;1-12.
Article ID 8862290,
Available:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8862290
Oumer M, Manaye A, Mengistu Z.. Modern Contraceptive Method Utilization and Associated Factors Among Women of Reproductive Age in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia. Open Access J Contracept.b 2020;11:53-67.
Available:https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJC.S252970
Sedgh G, Ashford LS, Hussain R. Unmet Need for Contraception in Developing Countries: Examining Women’s Reasons for Not Using a Method, New York: Guttmacher Institute; 2016,
Available:http://www.guttmacher.org/report/unmet-need-for-contraception-in-developing-countries
Wainer J. Why women don't use contraception. Family planning information service. 1981;1(6):50–58.
Moreira LR, Ewerling F, Barros AJD, et al. Reasons for nonuse of contraceptive methods by women with demand for contraception not satisfied: an assessment of low and middle-income countries using demographic and health surveys. Reprod Health. 2019;16:148.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-019-0805-7
Gebre MN, Edossa ZK. Modern contraceptive utilization and associated factors among reproductive-age women in Ethiopia: evidence from 2016 Ethiopia demographic and health survey. BMC Women's Health. 2020;20:61.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-00923-9
Haq I, Sakib S, Talukder A.. Sociodemographic Factors on Contraceptive Use among Ever-Married Women of Reproductive Age: Evidence from Three Demographic and Health Surveys in Bangladesh. Med. Sci. 2017;5:31.
Available:https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci5040031
Li Z, Patton G, Sabet F, Zhou Z, Subramanian SV, Lu C. Contraceptive Use in Adolescent Girls and Adult Women in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(2):e1921437.
DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.21437
Adebowale AS, Fagbamigbe AF, Bamgboye EA. Contraceptive use: implication for completed fertility, parity progression and maternal nutritional status in Nigeria. Afr J Reprod Health. 2011;15(4):60-2011
Adebowale SA, Adedini SA, Ibisomi LD, Palamuleni ME. Differential effect of wealth quintile on modern contraceptive use and fertility: evidence from Malawian women. BMC Women's Health. 2014;14:40.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6874-14-40
Stephenson R, Baschieri A, Clements S, Hennink M, Madise N. Contextual influences on modern contraceptive use in Sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(7):1233-1240.
DOI:10.2105/AJPH.2005.071522.
Salami IC, ladosu M. Socio-Demographic Factors, Contraceptive Use and Fertility Preference among Married Women in South-South Region of Nigeria, 3rd International Conference on African Development Issues (CU-ICADI 2016); 2016. ISSN: 2449-075X. 504-510
Aviisah PA, Dery S, Atsu BK, Yawson A, Alotaibi RM, Rezk HR, Guure C. Modern contraceptive use among women of reproductive age in Ghana: analysis of the 2003–2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys. BMC Women's Health. 2018;18:141. Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0634-9
Pinter B, Hakim M, Seidman DS, Kubba A, Kishen M, Di Carlo C. Religion and family planning. The European journal of contraception & reproductive health care: the official journal of the European Society of Contraception. 2016;21(6):486–495. Available:https://doi.org/10.1080/13625187.2016.1237631
Schenker JG, Rabenou V. Family planning: cultural and religious perspectives. Human reproduction (Oxford, England). 1993;8(6):969–976. Available:https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138176
Sundararajan R, Yoder LM, Kihunrwa A, et al. How gender and religion impact uptake of family planning: results from a qualitative study in Northwestern Tanzania. BMC Women's Health. 2019;19, 99.
Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0802-6
Srikanthan A, Reid RL. Religious and Cultural Influences on Contraception. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2008;30(2):129–137
Barrett JB, Da Vanzo J, Ellison CG, Grammich C. Religion and Attitudes towards Family Planning Issues among US Adults. Review of Religious Research. 2014;56(2):161–188.
Available:http://www.jstor.org/stable/43186268
Amir E. The Impact of Family Planning on Women’s Educational Advancement in Tehran, Iran. International Center for Research on Women Fertility & Empowerment Working Paper Series. 2012;008-2012-ICRW-FE. Pages 1-27.
Longwe A, Smits J. The Impact of Family Planning on Primary School Enrolment in Sub-national Areas within 25 African Countries. African Journal of Reproductive Health / La Revue Africaine de La Santé Reproductive. 2013;17(2): 23–38. Available:http://www.jstor.org/stable/23485918
Morris M, Weinstock E. Differential Effects of Education on Family Planning. The Family Coordinator. 1969;18(2):161–165.
Available:https://doi.org/10.2307/582233
Vijayasree L. A study on the influence of education and occupation on family planning practices in rural Shamirpet, R.R. District, T.S. India. International Journal of Bioassays. 2017;6(11):5525.
DOI:10.21746/ijbio.2017.6.11.1
Liu DH, Rafter AE. How Do Education and Family Planning Accelerate Fertility Decline? Population and Development Review.2020;46(3):409-441. Available:https://doi.org/10.1111/padr.12347
Nigeria FP2020 Core Indicator Summary Sheet: 2019-2020 Annual Progress Report.
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